Common faults in hydraulic systems


压力损失

由于液体具有黏性,在管路中流动时又不可避免地存在着摩擦力,所以液体在流动过程中必然要损耗一部分能量。这部分能量损耗主要表现为压力损失。

压力损失有沿程损失和局部损失两种。沿程损失是当液体在直径不变的直管中流过一段距离时,因摩擦而产生的压力损失。局部损失是由于管路截面形状突然变化、液流方向改变或其他形式的液流阻力而引起的压力损失。总的压力损失等于沿程损失和局部损失之和。由于压力损失的必然存在,所以泵的额定压力要略大于系统工作时所需的最大工作压力,一般可将系统工作所需的最大工作压力乘以一个1.3~1.5的系数来估算。 

流量损失

在液压系统中,各被压元件都有相对运动的表面,如液压缸内表面和活塞外表面,因为要有相对运动,所以它们之间都有一定的间隙。如果间隙的一边为高压油,另一边为低压油,则高压油就会经间隙流向低压区从而造成泄漏。同时,由于液压元件密封不完善,一部分油液也会向外部泄漏。这种泄漏造成的实际流量有所减少,这就是我们所说的流量损失。

流量损失影响运动速度,而泄漏又难以绝对避免,所以在液压系统中泵的额定流量要略大于系统工作时所需的最大流量。通常也可以用系统工作所需的最大流量乘以一个1.1~1.3的系数来估算。 

液压冲击

原因:执行元件换向及阀门关闭使流动的液体因惯性和某些液压元件反应动作不够灵敏而产生瞬时压力峰值,称液压冲击。其峰值可超过工作压力的几倍。

危害:引起振动,产生噪声;使继电器、顺序阀等压力元件产生错误动作,甚至造成某些元件、密封装置和管路损坏。

措施:找出冲击原因避免液流速度的急剧变化。延缓速度变化的时间,估算出压力峰值,采用相应措施。如将流动换向阀和电磁换向阀联用,可有效地防止液压冲击。

 

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